History and Distribution of Rumah Panjang (Betang)

• Ancient Cultural Roots: The existence of longhouses in Kalimantan is believed to have deep roots in the history of the Dayak people. This communal house form is thought to be an adaptation to agrarian lifestyles and the need to live in groups for security and cooperation in various aspects of life.
• Wide Distribution: Longhouses can be found in various regions of Kalimantan, from West, Central, East, to North Kalimantan. Although the basic principles are the same, there are variations in architecture and carving details that reflect the cultural uniqueness of each Dayak sub-ethnic group. For example, Betang in the upper reaches of rivers may have different adaptations compared to Betang in the lowlands.
• Role in Migration and Settlement: In the history of Dayak migration and settlement formation, the longhouse often served as the basic unit. When a large family group cleared new land, they would build a Betang as their first community center.

Adaptive Architecture and Construction:

• Adaptation to the Environment: The high stilt form is a clever response to the geographical conditions of Kalimantan, which has many rivers and is prone to flooding, as well as dense forests with various types of animals. The height of the Betang floor also provides better air circulation in the tropical climate.
• Sustainable Natural Materials: The traditional construction of Betang heavily relies on natural materials available in the surrounding area, especially various types of strong and durable forest wood such as ulin (ironwood), known for its resistance to weather and termite attacks. The use of bamboo and rattan for certain parts is also common.
• Traditional Construction Techniques: Building a Betang involves high carpentry skills with a joint system that does not use iron nails. Precisely carved wooden pegs and strong rattan rope bindings are the main methods of joining the building structure. This demonstrates a deep knowledge of material properties and construction techniques passed down through generations.
• Orientation and Spatial Planning: The orientation of a Betang often considers wind direction and traditional beliefs. The spatial layout inside the Betang, with a long communal space and family compartments on the sides, reflects a balance between communal life and family privacy.

Deep Social and Cultural Functions:

• Center of Kinship and Mutual Cooperation: The longhouse is the heart of the social life of the Dayak people. It is where kinship ties are strengthened, traditions and knowledge are passed down, and various cooperative activities (such as building new houses, farming, or preparing for ceremonies) are coordinated.
• Place for Deliberation and Decision-Making: The main space of the Betang often serves as a venue for traditional meetings (musyawarah) to discuss various community issues, resolve disputes, and make important decisions.
• Stage for Arts and Culture: Various traditional ceremonies, dances, and musical performances are often held in the main space or around the Betang, making it a center for artistic and cultural expression.
• Symbol of Identity and Cultural Sustainability: The longhouse is not just a physical building but also a symbol of identity and pride for the Dayak people. Its existence serves as a reminder of the history, traditions, and noble values that are firmly held.

Challenges of Preservation in the Modern Era:

• Changing Lifestyles: Modernization and urbanization have changed the lifestyles of some Dayak communities. Many young families choose to live in smaller, more individual houses.
• Limited Availability of Traditional Materials: It is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive to obtain high-quality wood such as ulin due to deforestation and environmental changes.
• Lack of Regeneration of Traditional Craftsmen: The knowledge and skills to build Betang traditionally are not always effectively passed down to younger generations.
• High Maintenance Costs: Large longhouses require significant maintenance costs, which are often a constraint for communities.
• Influence of Modern Architecture: Modern architecture, considered more practical and economical, is often the primary choice in building new houses.

Preservation and Revitalization Efforts:

Despite various challenges, awareness of the importance of preserving Rumah Panjang (Betang) is increasing. Various efforts are being made, including:

• Documentation and Research: Documenting the architecture, history, and cultural values contained within the Betang.
• Preservation and Restoration Programs: The government and community organizations are working to preserve and restore existing Betang.
• Promotion as Cultural Heritage: Developing the potential of Betang as a cultural tourism attraction to increase public awareness and appreciation.
• Education and Socialization: Educating younger generations about the importance of Rumah Panjang as part of their cultural identity.
• Adaptation of Function: Some Betang are being revitalized with new functions more suited to modern needs, such as becoming community activity centers or cultural tourism accommodations, without losing their original values.

Rumah Panjang (Betang) is a very valuable cultural heritage, not only for the Dayak people but also for the Indonesian nation. Preservation efforts are a shared responsibility so that the rich traditional architecture and the noble values contained within can continue to live and be passed down to future generations.